Interoperability of Integrated Services and Differentiated Services Architectures

The current trends in the development of real-time Internet applications and the rapid growth of mobile systems, indicate that the future Internet architecture will have to support various applications with different Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, regardless of whether they are running on a fixed or mobile terminals. Enabling end-to-end QoS over the Internet introduces complexity in several areas starting from applications, network architectures, but also in network management and business models. It becomes even more complex when one is introducing QoS in an environment of mobile hosts, wireless networks and different access technologies, due to scarce resources. Consequently, QoS deployment in the Internet represents one of the most challenging research topics of computer networks community today. The efforts to enable end-to-end QoS over the Internet have led to the development of two architectures, the Integrated Services architecture and more recently, the Differentiated Services architecture. Although fundamentally different, both architectures are designed for QoS support on the Internet. The focus of this document is the interoperability between the Integrated and Differentiated Services architectures with the objective on applicability to both end-to-end wired and wireless Internet QoS deployment. This document presents a general Integrated Services / Differentiated Services architecture design with specific requirements and accordingly a detail design of the boundary router. The role of this boundary router is to handle the Integrated and Differentiated Services interoperability, in a wired and wireless Internet environment. In order to prove the feasibility of the boundary router design a basic prototype implementation has been developed

IMPACT OF CONTRAT CONDITIONS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

This master thesis study is performed with two main goals in mind. First goal is management of construction contract works and second implementation of construction works. Contract of construction works has been subjected and given too much attention recent years. Because the contract conditions of construction projects has direct effects on project implementation. Researched subject on this master thesis is one of big investment project in public enterprise company “Pristine International Airport”. Project name “Resurfacing of Pristine International Runway, Taxiways and Apron” Project contract is based on guidelines set by International Federation of Consulting Company. The structure of this thesis is consistent with determined objectives and it is divided into 5 parts. Part 1 introduces general information of construction industry in Kosova second part: described project needs analysis, third part: managerial concept of the project, fourth part: project description and the last part is conclusion of master thesis study. This master thesis was completed through my educational background and professional experience

DiffServ resource management in IP-based radio access networks

The increasing popularity of the Internet, the flexibility of IP, and the wide deployment of IP technologies, as well as the growth of mobile communications have driven the development of IP-based solutions for wireless networking. The introduction of IP-based transport in Radio Access Networks (RANs) is one of these networking solutions. When compared to traditional IP networks, an IP-based RAN has specific characteristics, due to which, for satisfactory transport functionality, it imposes strict requirements on resource management schemes. In this paper we present the Resource Management in DiffServ (RMD) framework, which extends the DiffServ architecture with new admission control and resource reservation concepts, such that the resource management requirements of an IP-based RAN are met. This framework aims at simplicity, low-cost, and easy implementation, along with good scaling properties. The RMD framework defines two architectural concepts: the Per Hop Reservation (PHR) and the Per Domain Reservation (PDR). As part of the RMD framework a new protocol, the RMD On DemAnd (RODA) Per Hop Reservation (PHR) protocol will be introduced. A key characteristic of the RODA PHR is that it maintains only a single reservation state per PHB in the interior routers of a DiffServ domain, regardless of the number of flows passing through

A Framework for QoS & Mobility in the Internet Next Generation

It is expected that the next generation Internet architecture will support applications with different quality of service requirements, independently of whether their location is fixed or movable. However, enabling QoS in Internet is a tough challenge, and it gets even tougher when the mobile environment with its non-predictive characteristics is introduced. In this paper we propose a framework that will integrate various QoS architectures and mobility protocols and will offer the freedom to users to choose between different wireless and wired access technologies based on certain predefined criteria, e.g. based on QoS parameters

Jitter reduction in Differentiated Services (Diffserv) networks

A method and a computer program for reducing jitter in IP packet transmission in a Diffserv network having ingress and egress Border Routers and using premium service, expedited forwarding and source route option, recognize incoming packets which have firm jitter requirements. The program verifies if a recognized packet has an entry in the forwarding cache for its IP destination address. If affirmative, the identified packet is sent to the next hop. If not, the program checks to see if a route table entry exists for the specified destination address. If affirmative, the route table entry is stored in the forwarding cache, and the packet is sent on its way. Otherwise, the program uses special filters to extract and select the shortest and fastest path to an egress border router to match the destination address; a list of selected router addresses is inserted as part of a source route option. All intermediate routers receiving a packet with the strict source route option set will forward the packet to the first address in the strict source option list. Subsequent packets which follow after the recognized packet and are bound to the same destination address will be sent in the same path as the identified first packet with the source route option turned off. The method ensures reduced jitter for packets having firm jitter requirements in a network using either static or dynamic routing. The invention also teaches a memory and an algorithm using the method

Jitter reduction in Differentiated Services (Diffserv) networks

A method and a computer program for reducing jitter in IP packet transmission in a Diffserv network having ingress and egress Border Routers and using premium service, expedited forwarding and source route option, recognize incoming packets which have firm jitter requirements. The program verifies if a recognized packet has an entry in the forwarding cache for its IP destination address. If affirmative, the identified packet is sent to the next hop. If not, the program checks to see if a route table entry exists for the specified destination address. If affirmative, the route table entry is stored in the forwarding cache, and the packet is sent on its way. Otherwise, the program uses special filters to extract and select the shortest and fastest path to an egress border router to match the destination address; a list of selected router addresses is inserted as part of a source route option. All intermediate routers receiving a packet with the strict source route option set will forward the packet to the first address in the strict source option list. Subsequent packets which follow after the recognized packet and are bound to the same destination address will be sent in the same path as the identified first packet with the source route option turned off. The method ensures reduced jitter for packets having firm jitter requirements in a network using either static or dynamic routing. The invention also teaches a memory and an algorithm using the method

Lipid Fractions and Severity of Coronary Artery Lesions in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Retrospective Single-Center Study

The relationship between different lipid fractions and the occurrence of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease(CAD) is a well-known fact. However, knowledge of the association of different lipid fractions and the severity and extension of coronary lesions has been rarely reported in clinical studies and is often contradictory. This study aimed to evaluate the association between different lipid fractions and the severity and extent of the coronary atherosclerotic lesion in patients with ST elevated acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). We analyzed data from 50 consecutive patients with STEMI who underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization at the Clinical Hospital in Tetovo. The severity and extent of CAD were defined using the Syntax score (SXscore) algorithm stratified according to tertiles. Laboratory analysis for lipid fractions was performed. It was noticed a statistically significant association between SXscore tertiles and the mean of total cholesterol (TC) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) ratio (TC/HDL), (p=0.008). Correlation test showed week but significant positive correlation between SXscore tertiles and TC/HDL ratio (r=0.339, p=0.016) and Non-HDL (r=0.309, p=0.034). In regression analysis, reduced HDL and increased TC values statistically significantly predicted SXscore (p<0.05). Among all lipid variables examined, the TC/HDL ratio appeared as the most powerful indicator of severity and extension of the coronary lesion in patients with STEMI. The TC/HDL ratio should be used as an easy, non-invasive, and inexpensive method to measure the severity of CAD to determine the diagnosis strategy and treatment of patients with atherosclerotic coronary diseases at risk of acute infarction